Sleep and Dreaming: Scientific Advances and Reconsiderations
Language: English
Pages: 376
ISBN: B01DM25OKI
Format: PDF / Kindle (mobi) / ePub
How and why does the sleeping brain generate dreams? Though the question is old, a paradigm shift is now occurring in the science of sleep and dreaming that is making room for new answers. From brainstem-based models of sleep cycle control, research is moving toward combined brainstem/forebrain models of sleep cognition itself. The book presents five papers by leading scientists at the center of the current firmament, and more than seventy-five commentaries on those papers by nearly all of the other leading authorities in the field. Topics include mechanisms of dreaming and REM sleep, memory consolidation in REM sleep, and an evolutionary hypothesis of the function of dreaming. The papers and commentaries, together with the authors' rejoinders, represent a huge leap forward in our understanding of the sleeping and dreaming brain. The book's multidisciplinary perspective will appeal to students and researchers in neuroscience, cognitive science, and psychology.
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Table 1. Commentators for special sleep and dreams issue Target article authors Commentators Hobson et al. Solms Nielsen Antrobus, J. S. JAH MS TAN Vertes & Eastman Revonsuo AR Ardito, R.B. AR Bednar, J.A. MS RPV AR Blagrove, M. JAH MS TAN RPV AR Borbély, A.A. & Wittmann, L. JAH MS TAN RPV AR Born, J. & Gais, S. TAN RPV Bosinelli, M. & Cicogna, P.C. TAN Cartwright, R. JAH MS Cavallero, C. Chapman, P. & Underwood, G. RPV TAN JAH AR Cheyne, J.A. AR
review data suggesting that dreaming can be interrupted at different levels of processing and that anterior-subcortical lesions associated with dream cessation are unlikely to produce selective hypodopaminergic dynamic impairments. [hobson et al.; nielsen; solms] The cessation of dreaming after bilateral lesions of the deep white matter surrounding the tip of lateral ventricles is the relevant and original contribution of Solms (1997a) to the neuropsychology of dreaming. Starting from this
nucleus activity ceases, and serotonin release is suppressed. Serotonergic neurons have 5-HT1A autoreceptors, which regulate their function. Following REM sleep deprivation, these autoreceptors become less responsive to the effects of serotonin reuptake blockers, probably due to a desensitization of the autoreceptors, resulting in enhanced serotonergic transmission (Maudhuit et al. 1996). We would like to propose that REM activation serves to prevent the desensitization of autoreceptors that
prefrontal, caudal orbital, anterior cingulate, parahippocampal, and inferior temporal cortices (Braun et al. 1997). Based on their observations, the Braun group then offered the following speculations which are relevant to the neurology of dreaming: (1) Ascending reticular activation during REM as compared to waking may favor a more ventral cholinergic route leading from the brainstem to the basal forebrain over a more dorsal route via the thalamus. (2) Activation of the cerebellar vermis in REM
interact so as to produce a continuously changing state. As such, any accurate characterization of the system must be multidimensional and dynamic and must be integrated across the neurobiological and psychological domains. Both neurobiological and psychological probes of the system must therefore be designed, applied and interpreted so as to recognize and clarify these features. As a first step in that direction, we have created a three-dimensional state space model (AIM) that allows us to