Learning and Behavior
Paul Chance
Language: English
Pages: 464
ISBN: 1111832773
Format: PDF / Kindle (mobi) / ePub
LEARNING AND BEHAVIOR, Seventh Edition, is stimulating and filled with high-interest queries and examples. Based on the theme that learning is a biological mechanism that aids survival, this book embraces a scientific approach to behavior but is written in clear, engaging, and easy-to-understand language. Available with InfoTrac Student Collections http://gocengage.com/infotrac.
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as predators. The rattlesnake shakes its rattle when approached by an animal, such as a Boy Scout, that may harm it. When confronted by a threatening dog, the house cat arches its back, hisses, growls, and flicks its tail. These acts make the cat appear larger and more formidable than it really is and may therefore serve to put off an attacker. The opossum responds quite differently to predators: It plays dead. Some of the opossum’s predators eat only animals they themselves have killed; others
species should increase the variabilty of genes in the next generation and thereby lead to useful adaptations, but hybrid animals are often sterile, so whether hybridization could speed up the adaptive process is uncertain. There is also evidence that some genes “jump” from one area of a chromosome to another, changing the influence the genes would otherwise have Introduction: Learning to Change 21 (Gage & Muotri, 2012). Like mutations and hybridization, this might increase the variability
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CS depends on the salience of the stimulus and the US and on the total amount of conditioning that can occur. None of the theories of Pavlovian conditioning has provided a satisfactory explanation of all conditioning phenomena. However, each has generated a great deal of research, which has, in turn, enriched our understanding of conditioning and may one day lead to a more successful theory. A Final Word Many students come away from their study of Pavlovian conditioning convinced that Pavlov
in backward chaining, the chain is never performed backward. Plyny does not drop a marble down a tube, then carry the marble to the tube, and so on; the parts of the chain are always performed in their proper sequence. Training is backward only in the sense that links in the chain are added from “back to front.” So, once a rat has learned to perform the last link in a chain, it then learns to perform the last two links in the chain, then the last three, and so on. Query 3: How would you use