High-Yield Gastrointestinal Tract (1st Edition) (High-Yield Series)
Ronald W. Dudek
Language: English
Pages: 193
ISBN: 2:00182462
Format: PDF / Kindle (mobi) / ePub
High-Yield Gastrointestinal Tract is the fifth in a series of High-Yield Systems books by a best-selling medical textbook author that cover the basic sciences of the medical school curriculum using a systems-based approach. This approach helps students integrate their first two years' course material and offers excellent preparation for USMLE Step 1 and clinical rotations.
Chapters review each basic science—embryology, gross anatomy, radiology, histology, physiology, pathology, microbiology, and pharmacology—as it relates to all the organs along the gastrointestinal tract. The book is replete with radiographs, CT and MRI scans, and micrographs of normal tissue and pathologic conditions.
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appearance). Chagas disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi may lead to achalasia. B. Enlarged Left Atrium may constrict the esophagus due to their close anatomical relationship. C. Bronchogenic Carcinoma may indent the esophagus due to the enlargement of medi- astinal lymph nodes. This indentation can be observed radiologically during a barium swallow. D. Malignant Tumors of the Esophagus most commonly occur in the lower one third of the esophagus and metastasize below the diaphragm to the
(striated muscle). D. This is called the retrosphincteric reflex. Sensory impulses from pressure-sensitive receptors travel to sacral spinal cord levels. Motor impulses travel with the pelvic splanchnic nerves (parasympathetic; S2 to S4) and relax the internal anal sphincter. This causes the urge to defecate. E. If the Person Decides to Defecate 1. Dudek_Ch05.indd 90 Relaxation of the external anal sphincter (via the pudendal nerve) and puborectalis muscle (via the nerve to the levator ani)
converts cholesterol to cholesterol esters for storage. d. Since LDL distributes cholesterol to cells throughout the body, LDL is called “bad cholesterol” and is the target in lipid lowering therapy. e. Familial Hypercholesterolemia is a genetic disease involving a mutation in the LDL receptor in which patients have greatly elevated levels of serum cholesterol and suffer myocardial infarctions early in life. The mutation in the LDL receptor blocks receptor-mediated endocytosis. Integral
Pancreatitis (Figure 6-9) I A. General Features 1. 2. Dudek_Ch06.indd 126 Acute pancreatitis is characterized by inflammation of the exocrine pancreas due to acinar cell injury. The three main causes of acute pancreatitis include: a. Inappropriate activation of pancreatic proenzymes by trypsin. This leads to acinar cell injury, enzymatic fat necrosis, and elastic fiber destruction within blood vessels (hemorrhage). b. Pancreatic duct obstruction. Pancreatic duct obstruction due to
patchy, segmental necrosis of the small intestine. The necrosis starts at the tips of the villi and progresses toward the base of the villi. There is a clear transition zone observed between the necrotic mucosa and the submucosa. The blood vessels at this transitional zone are thrombosed. (H) Giardia lamblia. (H1) Light micrograph shows a G. lamblia trophozoite with its distinctive pear-shaped appearance, two nuclei (n), and a parabasal body (pb). (H2) Diagram shows a G. lamblia trophozoite.