Frustration Theory: An Analysis of Dispositional Learning and Memory (Problems in the Behavioural Sciences)
Abram Amsel
Language: English
Pages: 296
ISBN: 0521289602
Format: PDF / Kindle (mobi) / ePub
We live in a world in which inconsistency is the rule rather than the exception and this is particularly true with regard to rewards and frustrations. In some cases, rewards and frustrative nonrewards appear to occur randomly for what seems to be the same behavior; in others a sequence of rewards is suddenly followed by nonrewards, or there are large rewards followed by small rewards. Sometimes we are rewarded for responding quickly, other times for responding slowly. The important common factor in these and other cases is frustration, how we learn about it and how we respond to it. Without our awareness, our long-term dispositions are shaped from infancy and early childhood by inconsistency of reward and by our reactions to discrepancy, and they are marked by changes in arousal, suppression, persistence and regression. The explanatory domain of Frustration Theory includes an area of experimental research that has evolved over some forty years. Although most of the work is with animals, it constitutes an animal model of many of the myriad human manifestations of nonreward, thwarting of purpose, and reactions to physical and emotional insult that are regarded as frustrations. This book, by the originator of the theory and the first book to be devoted solely to Frustration Theory, gives a detailed account of the theory and its ramifications and it examines the relationship between frustration symptoms and the limbic system that is thought to be the region of the brain responsible for generating these symptoms.
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forgetting of verbal material, processing of information, perception, simulation of human problem solving by computers, formation and identification of concepts, reading, language, Introduction 5 and so on. The neocognitivists of the 1960s seemed not to understand that many if not most of the investigators who were identified as learning theorists, and who worked with animal models, were less interested in the cognitive and intellectual abilities of the animals they chose to study than in
PREE) and the related phenomena reported in the preceding three chapters. For example, theories of this kind cannot account for faster extinction following larger rewards in acquisition, the magnitude of reinforcement extinction effect (MREE; e.g., Armus, 1959; Hulse, 1958), or for faster extinction following a greater number of reinforcements, the overtraining extinction effect (OEE; e.g., Ison, 1962; North & Stimmel, 1960). They cannot account for the results of experiments in which number of
these effects on learning and memory affect neuronal plasticity? Do they induce acceleration or retardation in some of the structural landmarks of brain development - cell size and number, dendritic branching, neurotransmitter release, synapse formation - and how do these changes in turn relate to an accelerated or a retarded appearance of the later behavioral effects? How do teratogenic treatments, such as exposure to alcohol in utero by the feeding of alcohol to pregnant rats, or the exposure
same, including the activation of the pump, but milk is not delivered. A thermometer records the temperature of the heated runway, which is varied according to age of pups (32°C for youngest). Heating is provided by a thermostatically controlled, circulating hot-water system connected to special plastic heating pads under the floor of the runway apparatus. Soundless digital timers (more recently, computers) record times in three runway segments. A switch panel (SP) with indicator lights (more
"consummatory contrast" is defined by lick rate, related to shifts in sucrose concentration, usually from 32% to 4%. In this work, a question frequently raised by Flaherty14 and his co-workers is whether contrast, in this case, is a sensory or an emotional effect, or a combination of both. This question arose in an early examination of the effect on consummatory contrast of septal lesions (Flaherty, Capobianco, & Hamilton, 1973). Flaherty et al. demonstrated that whereas control-operated rats